SPF · DKIM · DMARC
Get your email setup right.
Email bouncing or authentication failing? Start with what your domain says about its senders. Understand the error before changing your DNS.
Understand the authentication failureChange only what needs fixingRecheck after the update
What should you check first?
These records do different jobs. A passing result for one does not mean the others are working.
SPFWho can send?
SPF lets a receiving server check whether an IP address is authorised to send for the envelope sender domain. That domain may differ from the visible From address.
Check for more than one SPF record at the same DNS name, missing sending services and too many DNS lookups during evaluation. Several unrelated TXT records are normal; multiple records beginning with v=spf1 are the problem.
Keep a list of legitimate senders before merging or replacing an SPF record.
DKIMIs the message signed?
DKIM uses a signature on the message and a public key published in DNS. Your sending service creates the signature; publishing a DNS record alone does not enable signing.
A check needs the signing domain and selector. Find d= and s= in a message’s DKIM-Signature header, or use the values supplied by your email provider.
An unknown selector means DKIM has not been checked. It does not prove DKIM is missing.
DMARCDoes the identity match?
DMARC checks whether the visible From domain aligns with a domain that passes SPF or DKIM. A message can pass SPF for another domain and still fail DMARC.
Look up the record at _dmarc.yourdomain.com. A monitoring policy of p=none is valid. Moving straight to p=reject can disrupt legitimate mail if the senders are not ready.
Check alignment and all legitimate senders before tightening a DMARC policy.
Authentication is one part of delivery. Reputation, complaints, message content and recipient filtering also affect where an email lands.
Match the error to the next check.
| What you see | Where to start |
| Multiple SPF records | Identify every authorised sender. Build one valid SPF record for that DNS name without dropping services you still use. |
| SPF permerror | Read the full error. Check syntax, duplicate SPF records and the lookup limit before deciding on a fix. |
| DKIM record not found | Confirm the provider’s selector and signing domain. A lookup using the wrong selector cannot establish whether DKIM is configured. |
| DMARC fails, SPF passes | Compare the envelope sender domain with the visible From domain. Also check whether an aligned DKIM signature passes. |
| Gmail error 5.7.26 | Read the complete bounce: this code covers authentication and policy failures. Check the specific reason Google reports and the affected sender. |